Como é que o direito bíblico cria o "Estado de Direito" mais forte possível?

⮜ Perguntas respondidas

Como a lei bíblica protege a liberdade (verdadeira) melhor do que qualquer outro sistema jurídico

"Estado de direito" é uma frase que é atirada de forma solta, geralmente quando alguém está descontente com algo que um governo está a fazer. Há três aspectos do Estado de direito (a seguir, aproximadamente, A.V. Dicey):

1. "Estado de direito, não homens": Não se pode ser acusado de um crime, a menos que exista uma lei nos livros de estatuto que faça do que se fez um crime.
2. Todos, incluindo todos os funcionários governamentais, estão sujeitos à mesma lei.
3. Certos princípios básicos (direitos, liberdades, etc.), não podem ser alterados ou removidos pelos legisladores (ou juízes).

e aos três acima referidos de Dicey, temos de acrescentar:

4. Todos os processos judiciais estão abertos ao público para escrutínio.

Dependendo de quantos destes um governo civil segue, podemos dizer que existe ou um Estado de direito "forte" ou um Estado de direito "fraco" (ou inexistente).

Vamos pegar num exemplo de governo - os Estados Unidos - e ver como é que ele mede.

1. É geralmente verdade nos Estados Unidos que não se pode ser acusado de um crime, a menos que exista uma lei sobre os livros. Claro que, porque existem cerca de 500.000 leis sobre os livros, cobrindo praticamente todos os aspectos de tudo o que faz, isto não é um problema para alguém que o queira acusar. Robert H. Jackson foi um ex-Procurador-Geral dos Estados Unidos e juiz do Supremo Tribunal. Ele escreveu:

Com os livros de Direito cheios de uma grande variedade de crimes, um procurador tem uma oportunidade justa de encontrar pelo menos uma violação técnica de algum acto por parte de quase todos. Neste caso, não se trata de descobrir a comissão de um crime e depois procurar o homem que o cometeu, mas sim de escolher o homem e depois procurar os livros de Direito, ou colocar investigadores a trabalhar, para lhe atribuir alguma ofensa. É neste domínio - em que o procurador escolhe uma pessoa de quem não gosta ou deseja envergonhar, ou selecciona um grupo de pessoas impopulares e depois procura uma ofensa, que reside o maior perigo de abuso de poder de acusação. É aqui que a aplicação da lei se torna pessoal, e o verdadeiro crime torna-se o de ser impopular com o grupo predominante ou governante, de estar apegado às opiniões políticas erradas, ou de ser pessoalmente desagradável, ou no caminho do próprio procurador.

Por falar nisso, Robert Jackson escreveu isto em 1940. Pensa que as coisas melhoraram? Leia o livro Three Felonies a Day de Harvey Silverglate.

2. Unfortunately, government officials in the United States are routinely exempted from their own legislation, protected by immunity (e.g. "prosecutorial immunity") for various actions they take in office, and are often treated more lightly than other citizens for equivalent law violations.

3. Some rights/liberties are protected better than others. But ask any U.S. citizen: “do you feel confident that your rights are protected by the law, against a future Congress or Supreme Court session?” I think I know what answer you will get.

4. Most judicial proceedings in the United States are open to the public, however some are not.

Biblical Law: The origin and apex of the rule of law

It might surprise you to learn that Biblical law was the first known formulation of the “rule of law.” It was also the strongest ever formulation. No other law code has matched it. Look at the following restrictions on the king, taken from the book of Deuteronomy: 18 It shall be, when he sits on the throne of his kingdom, that he shall write himself a copy of this law in a book, out of that which is before the Levitical priests. 19 It shall be with him, and he shall read from it all the days of his life, that he may learn to fear YHWH his God, to keep all the words of this law and these statutes, to do them; 20 that his heart not be lifted up above his brothers, and that he not turn away from the commandment to the right hand, or to the left, to the end that he may prolong his days in his kingdom, he and his children, in the middle of Israel. Deuteronomy 17:18-20WEB

This law — that the king (and, by extension, any civil government official) is himself subject to the law — was "unique in the ancient Near East". Why?

The surrounding pagan cultures claimed that kings are the source of law. Scripture, however, claims that YHWH is the source of law.

In his book Created Equal: How the Bible Broke with Ancient Political Thought, Joshua Berman writes:

Alone among the literary works of the ancient Near East, the Hebrew Bible maintains that the law is of divine origin.

Combine this with the prohibition on adding to, or subtracting from, the law, and you have the strongest possible “rule of law” formulation: 1 Now, Israel, listen to the statutes and to the ordinances which I teach you, to do them, that you may live and go in and possess the land which YHWH, the God of your fathers, gives you. 2 You shall not add to the word which I command you, neither shall you take away from it, that you may keep the commandments of YHWH your God which I command you. Deuteronomy 4:1-2WEB

This is how you guarantee true liberty:

1. You give families and individuals a broad mandate to do anything they want (which doesn't break the law) in order to subdue the earth (Gen. 1:28).
2. You enumerate (and thereby limit) the powers of civil government to prosecute only the crimes written in the law (i.e. the judicial case laws).
3. You require at least two actual eyewitnesses in order to bring any prosecution (Deut. 19:15).
4. You don't give the judge (or the prosecutor) any discretion to "threaten" additional charges or "bargain" with the truth of the defendant's plea (Deut. 5:32, Deut. 17:19-20, Deut. 28:14).
5. You command: “don't add anything to this law and don't take anything away,” (Deut. 4:2). There can be no legislation that creates or removes either crimes or civil government powers, period.
6. You require that no part of the civil justice system happens “in secret.” Everyone can scrutinize whether the judicial process is fair and in accordance with Biblical law.

Your rights will always be guaranteed (as long as you follow Biblical law). If an action is not already prohibited, then it is legal. It may be unwise and even unsafe, but as long as you don't harm someone else (or violate an existing law), you cannot be stopped.

For example, under Biblical law, the civil government is never allowed to:

1. Conscript you to participate in any warfare
2. Force you to testify against anyone or torture you to extract a confession
3. Regulate, prohibit, tax, or impose price controls on any voluntary economic exchange (obviously theft and fraud are still redressable)
4. Force you to get permission from the government to enter into any contract
5. Regulate or penalize the smoking, eating, or drinking of any substance (although you are liable for any crimes you may commit while under the influence of that substance)
6. Force you to give “charity” to anyone
7. Force you to send your children to a government school
8. Force you to get permission from the church or civil government in order to get married.
9. Force you to use a particular form of money for business transactions
10. Force you to do business with anyone (or vice versa)
11. Prohibit you from defending yourself or your family against attack, using deadly force, if necessary

Notice that there are no scripture references beside each item? That's because we're talking about things that the civil government doesn't have any scriptural authority to do. And there is no “general authority to do whatever” type of clause hiding in the details. Why? Because God had just brought his people out from under Egyptian tyranny, and he never wanted them to return to it: Deut. 17:16.

Under Biblical law, the civil government can bring justice in the case of specifically enumerated crimes (as long as two actual witnesses step forward to testify). It can also act to organize a (volunteer) military response to defend against an external threat. But it has no arbitrary authority to order citizens around and regulate their behavior.

Some people are so used to slavery, they might object that this seems “too permissive.” And that is why they are not the Legislators and never will be. Biblical civil law maximizes liberty within the constraints of God's justice. Modern states try to maximize a variety of things ("social justice," corporate profits, special interest giveaways, central government power, prison capacity, etc), but liberty is not one of those things.

Se for chefe de família, e quiser fazer as suas próprias regras domésticas que proíbem certas coisas, tudo bem. Mas não tem autoridade (segundo a lei bíblica) para impor as suas próprias regras pessoais a outros lares.

E se o direito civil bíblico o perturba, não se preocupe. Não tem de viver sob ela. A Escritura deixa claro que o reino de Deus nunca é espalhado pelo uso da força. Todos os que vivem sob um governo civil piedoso voluntariar-se-ão (felizmente) para se colocarem a si próprios e aos seus bens sob a sua jurisdição: Ex. 19:3-8, Deut. 24:3-8, Matt. 20:25-26.