Difference between revisions of "Do the gleaning laws allow civil government to coerce individuals or businesses to give up wealth or other private property?/zh"

Latest revision as of 14:38, 7 November 2020

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原来的问题（我擅自扩大了范围）是：

圣经》中的拾遗法是否授权民间政府强迫超市或餐馆把他们的废弃食物送给穷人？

在圣经时代，扔掉完全好的食物的想法对人们来说是一个陌生的概念。只是我们现代的繁荣（在某些国家）让我们可以奢侈地以这种方式浪费食物。

志愿慈善是圣经的一个重要主题。但这个问题不是关于志愿慈善的。

食品服务/销售企业(如超市和餐馆)的业主应考虑将多余的食物提供给有需要的人，而不是将其扔掉。然而，我们也必须认识到这种慷慨行动的内在成本（和风险）。举例来说，想想看，如果你把上一次节日庆祝晚餐的剩饭剩菜送人，你会付出多少代价（仅从时间上来说）。现在，把这个比例扩大到一整年的餐馆晚餐。

如果有人吃了经过超市或餐馆控制的食物后生病，企业主的风险涉及到承担法律责任。如果你把感恩节的剩菜剩饭送给了一些无家可归的人，两周后因为他们感染了食物中毒，而他们又将其归咎于你在备餐时的疏忽，那么你会怎么做？

圣经》法律没有授权民间政府把这种慷慨的行为强加给餐馆/超市老板，就像《圣经》法律没有授权民间政府强迫你把自己的早餐/午餐/晚餐的剩菜剩饭收集起来分给穷人一样。这里有三个原因。

圣经中的拾穗法不仅仅是关于 "废品/旧食物 "的，它是关于允许饥饿的人在法律规定的某些条件下，从某人的部分土地上拿走完全好的农产品（如申命记23:24-25）。圣经中的拾穗法不适用于经文中规定的这些领域之外。

- 边角料 (利未记19:9-10)
- 第七年 "安息 "的土地/果园/葡萄园的产品（利未记25：4-7）。
即使是《圣经》中的拾穗法，也不是由文官政府来执行的，因为对于收割完一串葡萄，或一鞘粮食的地主，有特定的民事惩罚。事实上，我们从历史上知道，以色列人实际上确实违反了这一圣经的福利法，他们连续很多年安息日拒绝休耕土地。而这种违反圣经的律法是由神亲自执行的（利未记26:43），当他把他们从地里流放到巴比伦的时候。20 He carried those who had escaped from the sword away to Babylon, and they were servants to him and his sons until the reign of the kingdom of Persia, 21 to fulfill YHWH’s word by Jeremiah’s mouth, until the land had enjoyed its Sabbaths. As long as it lay desolate, it kept Sabbath, to fulfill seventy years. 2 Chronicles 36:20-21WEB
另一方面，该法存在一种 "消极执法"，因为民事政府也不能用非法入侵或盗窃罪来指控拾荒者。业主最多只能让拾荒者离开，不能追回合法拾荒的任何一点粮食。
根据《圣经》的律法，发现 "自己 "死了的动物（死的时候没有放血），以色列人吃起来是不干净的（不一定有什么不健康的地方："不干净 "是礼仪性的）。律法对这种 "浪费 "是怎么规定的呢？ 21 You shall not eat of anything that dies of itself. You may give it to the foreigner living among you who is within your gates, that he may eat it; or you may sell it to a foreigner; for you are a holy people to YHWH your God. You shall not boil a young goat in its mother’s milk. Deuteronomy 14:21WEB
死去的动物的主人可以把它交给门口的旅人（这通常是人们乞讨食物的地方），或者卖给外国人。请注意，这条法律没有明确规定民间政府的任何参与。

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 志愿慈善是圣经的一个重要主题。但这个问题不是关于志愿慈善的。
-The owners of food service/sales businesses (like supermarkets and restaurants) ought to consider offering any excess to needy people, rather than throwing it away. However, we must also recognize the inherent costs (and risks) in this generous action. Just consider, for example, what it would cost you (in terms of time alone) to give away any leftovers from your last holiday celebration dinner. Now, scale that up to restaurant dinners for a whole year.
+食品服务/销售企业(如超市和餐馆)的业主应考虑将多余的食物提供给有需要的人，而不是将其扔掉。然而，我们也必须认识到这种慷慨行动的内在成本（和风险）。举例来说，想想看，如果你把上一次节日庆祝晚餐的剩饭剩菜送人，你会付出多少代价（仅从时间上来说）。现在，把这个比例扩大到一整年的餐馆晚餐。
-The risks for a business owner involve incurring liability if someone becomes sick after they eat food which has passed through the control of the supermarket or restaurant. What if you gave away your Thanksgiving leftovers to some homeless person and got hit with a lawsuit two weeks later because they contracted food poisoning, which they attributed to your negligence in meal preparation?
+如果有人吃了经过超市或餐馆控制的食物后生病，企业主的风险涉及到承担法律责任。如果你把感恩节的剩菜剩饭送给了一些无家可归的人，两周后因为他们感染了食物中毒，而他们又将其归咎于你在备餐时的疏忽，那么你会怎么做？
-Biblical law does not authorize the civil government to force this act of generosity upon a restaurant/supermarket owner, just as Biblical law doesn't authorize the civil government to force you to collect your leftovers from your own breakfast/lunch/dinner and distribute them to the poor. Here are three reasons:
+圣经》法律没有授权民间政府把这种慷慨的行为强加给餐馆/超市老板，就像《圣经》法律没有授权民间政府强迫你把自己的早餐/午餐/晚餐的剩菜剩饭收集起来分给穷人一样。这里有三个原因。
-#The Biblical gleaning law is not merely about "waste products/old food" -- it is about allowing hungry people to take perfectly good agricultural products from parts of someone's land, under certain conditions which are specified in the law (Deut. 23:24-25). Biblical gleaning law does not apply outside these scripturally-defined areas:
+圣经中的拾穗法不仅仅是关于 "废品/旧食物 "的，它是关于允许饥饿的人在法律规定的某些条件下，从某人的部分土地上拿走完全好的农产品（如申命记23:24-25）。圣经中的拾穗法不适用于经文中规定的这些领域之外。
-#*yearly marginal agricultural produce (Lev. 19:9-10)
+#*边角料 (利未记19:9-10)
-#*produce from the land/orchards/vineyards which are "rested" in the seventh year (Lev. 25:4-7)
+#*第七年 "安息 "的土地/果园/葡萄园的产品（利未记25：4-7）。
-#Even the Biblical gleaning law was not "civilly-enforced" in the sense that there was a specified civil punishment for a landowner who harvested all of his bunches of grapes, or sheathes of grain. In fact, we know from history that Israel actually did violate this Biblical welfare law by refusing to fallow their land for many Sabbath years in a row. And this Biblical law violation was enforced by God himself (Lev. 26:43), when he exiled them from the land into Babylon.{{:Scriptblock|2 Chronicles 36:20-21}} <br/>On the other hand, there is a kind of "negative enforcement" of this law, because the civil government cannot be used to charge a gleaner with "trespassing" or "theft" either. The most a property owner can do is make the gleaner leave, and he cannot recover any small amount of food which was gleaned lawfully.
+#即使是《圣经》中的拾穗法，也不是由文官政府来执行的，因为对于收割完一串葡萄，或一鞘粮食的地主，有特定的民事惩罚。事实上，我们从历史上知道，以色列人实际上确实违反了这一圣经的福利法，他们连续很多年安息日拒绝休耕土地。而这种违反圣经的律法是由神亲自执行的（利未记26:43），当他把他们从地里流放到巴比伦的时候。{{:Scriptblock|2 Chronicles 36:20-21}} <br/>另一方面，该法存在一种 "消极执法"，因为民事政府也不能用非法入侵或盗窃罪来指控拾荒者。业主最多只能让拾荒者离开，不能追回合法拾荒的任何一点粮食。
-# According to Biblical law, an animal that was found to have died "of itself" (without the blood being drained at death) was unclean for Israelites to eat (there wasn't necessarily anything unhealthy about it: the "uncleanness" was ceremonial). What did the law say to do with this "wastage"? {{:Scriptblock|Deut 14:21}} <br/>The owner of the dead animal could either give it to the sojourner at the gates (this is typically where people would beg for food) or sell it to a foreigner. Notice that this law does not specify any involvement by civil government.
+#根据《圣经》的律法，发现 "自己 "死了的动物（死的时候没有放血），以色列人吃起来是不干净的（不一定有什么不健康的地方："不干净 "是礼仪性的）。律法对这种 "浪费 "是怎么规定的呢？ {{:Scriptblock|Deut 14:21}} <br/>死去的动物的主人可以把它交给门口的旅人（这通常是人们乞讨食物的地方），或者卖给外国人。请注意，这条法律没有明确规定民间政府的任何参与。
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