Do the gleaning laws allow civil government to coerce individuals or businesses to give up wealth or other private property?/ja

⮜ 回答済みの質問

元の質問（勝手に広げてみました）は

聖書にある掃き溜め法は、市民政府にスーパーやレストランが貧乏人に廃棄物を与えることを強制する権限を与えているのでしょうか？

完全に良い食べ物を捨てるという考えは、聖書の時代の人々にとっては外国の概念だったでしょう。このように食べ物を無駄にする贅沢ができるのは、現代の繁栄（特定の国では）だけです。

自主的な慈善は聖書の重要なテーマです。しかし、この質問は、自発的な慈善についての質問ではありません。

外食産業（スーパーやレストランなど）のオーナーは、余ったものを捨てるのではなく、困っている人たちに提供することを考えるべきです。しかし、我々はまた、この寛大な行動に内在するコスト（とリスク）を認識しなければなりません。例えば、最後の休日のお祝いの夕食の残り物を提供するために（時間的にだけでも）どれだけのコストがかかるかを考えてみましょう。さて、それを一年分のレストランでのディナーに拡大してみましょう。

事業主にとってのリスクは、スーパーやレストランの管理下を通過した食品を食べた後に誰かが病気になった場合、責任を負うことになる。あなたがいくつかのホームレスの人にあなたの感謝祭の残り物を与え、彼らは食事の準備であなたの過失に起因する食中毒、彼らが契約したので、2週間後に訴訟で打たれた場合はどうなりますか？

Biblical law does not authorize the civil government to force this act of generosity upon a restaurant/supermarket owner, just as Biblical law doesn't authorize the civil government to force you to collect your leftovers from your own breakfast/lunch/dinner and distribute them to the poor. Here are three reasons:

1. The Biblical gleaning law is not merely about "waste products/old food" -- it is about allowing hungry people to take perfectly good agricultural products from parts of someone's land, under certain conditions which are specified in the law (Deut. 23:24-25). Biblical gleaning law does not apply outside these scripturally-defined areas:
   • yearly marginal agricultural produce (Lev. 19:9-10)
   • produce from the land/orchards/vineyards which are "rested" in the seventh year (Lev. 25:4-7)
2. Even the Biblical gleaning law was not "civilly-enforced" in the sense that there was a specified civil punishment for a landowner who harvested all of his bunches of grapes, or sheathes of grain. In fact, we know from history that Israel actually did violate this Biblical welfare law by refusing to fallow their land for many Sabbath years in a row. And this Biblical law violation was enforced by God himself (Lev. 26:43), when he exiled them from the land into Babylon.20 He carried those who had escaped from the sword away to Babylon, and they were servants to him and his sons until the reign of the kingdom of Persia, 21 to fulfill YHWH’s word by Jeremiah’s mouth, until the land had enjoyed its Sabbaths. As long as it lay desolate, it kept Sabbath, to fulfill seventy years. 2 Chronicles 36:20-21WEB
   On the other hand, there is a kind of "negative enforcement" of this law, because the civil government cannot be used to charge a gleaner with "trespassing" or "theft" either. The most a property owner can do is make the gleaner leave, and he cannot recover any small amount of food which was gleaned lawfully.
3. According to Biblical law, an animal that was found to have died "of itself" (without the blood being drained at death) was unclean for Israelites to eat (there wasn't necessarily anything unhealthy about it: the "uncleanness" was ceremonial). What did the law say to do with this "wastage"? 21 You shall not eat of anything that dies of itself. You may give it to the foreigner living among you who is within your gates, that he may eat it; or you may sell it to a foreigner; for you are a holy people to YHWH your God. You shall not boil a young goat in its mother’s milk. Deuteronomy 14:21WEB
   The owner of the dead animal could either give it to the sojourner at the gates (this is typically where people would beg for food) or sell it to a foreigner. Notice that this law does not specify any involvement by civil government.