Difference between revisions of "Prohibition on vicarious punishment/es"
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{{:Quote|What appears as a general principle in Deuteronomy is applied to a case in the Covenant Code law of the goring ox: after detailing the law of an ox who has slain a man or a woman the last clause of the law goes on to say that if the victims are a son or a daughter the same law applies (Exodus 21:31). This clause, a long-standing puzzle for exegetes, has only recently been understood for what it is: a specific repudiation of vicarious punishment in the manner familiar from cuneiform law. There a builder who, through negligence, caused the death of a householder’s son must deliver up his own son; here the negligent owner of a vicious ox who has caused the death of another’s son or daughter must be dealt with in the same way as when he caused the death of a man or woman, to wit: the owner is to be punished, not his son or daughter.38 This principle of individual culpability in fact governs all of biblical law. Nowhere does the criminal law of the Bible, in contrast to that of the rest of the Near East, punish secular offenses collectively or vicariously.<ref>Moshe Greenberg, "Some Postulates of Biblical Criminal Law", p. 30</ref>}} | {{:Quote|What appears as a general principle in Deuteronomy is applied to a case in the Covenant Code law of the goring ox: after detailing the law of an ox who has slain a man or a woman the last clause of the law goes on to say that if the victims are a son or a daughter the same law applies (Exodus 21:31). This clause, a long-standing puzzle for exegetes, has only recently been understood for what it is: a specific repudiation of vicarious punishment in the manner familiar from cuneiform law. There a builder who, through negligence, caused the death of a householder’s son must deliver up his own son; here the negligent owner of a vicious ox who has caused the death of another’s son or daughter must be dealt with in the same way as when he caused the death of a man or woman, to wit: the owner is to be punished, not his son or daughter.38 This principle of individual culpability in fact governs all of biblical law. Nowhere does the criminal law of the Bible, in contrast to that of the rest of the Near East, punish secular offenses collectively or vicariously.<ref>Moshe Greenberg, "Some Postulates of Biblical Criminal Law", p. 30</ref>}} |
Revision as of 23:14, 18 September 2020
Esta ley es en realidad un repudio de una práctica común en el antiguo Cercano Oriente. El punto aquí es que la pena recae sobre el propietario, no sobre el hijo o la hija del propietario. En otros códigos legales de la época, como el Código de Hammurabi , los hijos e hijas fueron asesinados por los delitos de sus padres:
Hay varios ejemplos en el Código de Hammurabi (§§116, 209–10, 230 [COS, 2: 343, 348–49]) y las Leyes de Asiria Media (§§50, 55 [COS, 2: 359]) de niños ejecutados o severamente multados por el crimen de sus padres. [1]
Aquí hay algunos ejemplos del Código de Hammurabi:
(209) Si un hombre golpea a la hija de un hombre y la hace perder a su hijo por nacer, pagará diez siclos de plata por el feto.
(210) Si esa mujer ha muerto, matarán a su hija.
(211) Si ha hecho que la hija de un campesino pierda a su hijo por nacer por la violencia, pagará cinco siclos de plata.
(212) Si esa mujer ha muerto, pagará medio maná de plata.
(213) Si ha golpeado a la esclava de un hombre y la ha hecho perder a su hijo por nacer, pagará dos siclos de plata. [2]
(229) Si un constructor ha construido una casa para un hombre y no ha hecho su trabajo lo suficientemente fuerte y la casa que construyó se derrumbó y causó la muerte del dueño de la casa, ese constructor será asesinado . (230) Si ha causado la muerte del hijo del dueño de la casa, matarán al hijo del constructor.
(231) Si ha causado la muerte de un esclavo del dueño de la casa, éste dará un esclavo para el esclavo al dueño de la casa. [3]
En la ley bíblica, nadie podía morir por el crimen de su padre:
16 The fathers shall not be put to death for the children, neither shall the children be put to death for the fathers. Every man shall be put to death for his own sin. Deuteronomy 24:16WEB
Moshe Greenberg escribe:
What appears as a general principle in Deuteronomy is applied to a case in the Covenant Code law of the goring ox: after detailing the law of an ox who has slain a man or a woman the last clause of the law goes on to say that if the victims are a son or a daughter the same law applies (Exodus 21:31). This clause, a long-standing puzzle for exegetes, has only recently been understood for what it is: a specific repudiation of vicarious punishment in the manner familiar from cuneiform law. There a builder who, through negligence, caused the death of a householder’s son must deliver up his own son; here the negligent owner of a vicious ox who has caused the death of another’s son or daughter must be dealt with in the same way as when he caused the death of a man or woman, to wit: the owner is to be punished, not his son or daughter.38 This principle of individual culpability in fact governs all of biblical law. Nowhere does the criminal law of the Bible, in contrast to that of the rest of the Near East, punish secular offenses collectively or vicariously.[4]
See also:
Doesn't_the_Code_of_Hammurabi_"eye_for_an_eye"_concept_predate_Biblical_law%3F
Subtopics: