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1Chroniclesname
1Corinthiansname
1Johnname
1Kingsname
1Petername
1Samuelname
1Thessaloniansname
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2Chroniclesname
2Corinthiansname
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AllDocumentationname/en
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Are there 613 commandments in the Torah?
Are there two (or three) different versions of the Ten Commandments?
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AssociatedScripturesname
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Books and other resources
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Can a husband and wife have equal authority in a marriage?
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Category:1 Chronicles
Category:1 Corinthians
Category:1 John
Category:1 Kings
Category:1 Peter
Category:1 Samuel
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Category:1 Timothy
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Category:Questions about the differing treatment of persons in Biblical law
Category:Questions about the general applicability or relevance of God's law
Category:Questions about the historical application of Biblical law
Category:Questions about the organization and character of Biblical law
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Category:Questions about various individual laws
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Category:Witness testimony
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Category:Zephaniah
Chiasm in Exod. 21:15-17
Chicago Statement on Biblical Hermeneutics
Classificationname
Colossiansname
CreateNotename
Danielname
Deuteronomyname
Did Jesus break Biblical law by working on the Sabbath?
Did Jesus really support the death penalty for cursing a parent?
Didn't the law under the Sinai Covenant allow divorce for any cause?
Do the gleaning laws allow civil government to coerce individuals or businesses to give up wealth or other private property?
Documentationname
Does Biblical law have "statutes of limitation" for prosecuting crime?
Does Biblical law really allow a father to sell his daughter into slavery?
Does Biblical law require a girl to marry her rapist?
Does Biblical law require employers to pay their employees daily?
Does Deuteronomy 22:25-29 imply that the rape of an unbetrothed girl is not a death penalty offense?
Does Joseph's intent to divorce Mary show that the death penalty for adultery was not mandatory?
Does the divorce of the foreign women in Ezra 9-10 show that civil government has authority to dissolve marriages or preside over "divorce trials"?
Does the proverb about the jealous husband show that prostitution is legal? (Prov. 6:32-35)
Does theonomy require commitment to a particular view of eschatology (end times)?
Doesn't the Code of Hammurabi "eye for an eye" concept predate Biblical law?
Ecclesiastesname
Ephesiansname
Esthername
Exodusname
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Functional Categorization of the Law
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Genesis 1:22
Genesisname
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Haggainame
HebrewScriptureBooks
HebrewScripturesname
Hebrewsname
Helpsname
Hoseaname
How did Jesus "fulfill" the Law? (Matt. 5:17-19)
How does Biblical law create the strongest possible "Rule of Law"?
How To Contribute
How to use the Quote template
How to use the Scriptblock template
How to use the Scriptblockformat template
How to use the scripture function
In what way was Jesus' command in John 13:34 "new"?
Interpretationname
Introduction to Theonomy
Is every law of God bound to a particular covenant?
Is the polygyny of the Old Covenant allowed in the New Covenant age?
Is the premarital unchastity case of Deut. 22:13 an example of the justice system assuming guilt until a defendant proves her innocence?
Is there a "two tables" division in the Ten Commandments?
Isaiahname
Jamesname
Jeremiahname
Jobname
Joelname
Johnname
Jonahname
Joshuaname
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Judgesname
Lamentationsname
LawAnalysisoverviewname
Lawcommandanalysisname
LawFunctionsname
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ListofTopicsname
Lukename
Malachiname
Markname
Matthewname
Micahname
Nahumname
Nehemiahname
NewTestamentBooks
NewTestamentname
Notesname
NotesonInterpretationApplicationname
Notesoverviewname
Numbersname
Obadiahname
Parallel in Deut. 15:12
Philemonname
Philippiansname
Podcastsname
Primarysourcedocumentsname
Prohibition on vicarious punishment
Proverbsname
Psalmname
Psalmsname
Questionsname
Questionsoverviewname
Revelationname
Romansname
Ruthname
Scripturename
SeeAlsoname
SongofSongsname
Status of a wife provided to a freed slave
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TemplatesReferencename
TheCommandname
Theonomy Wiki
Theonomy Wiki:Copyrights
TheonomyStudyBiblename
Titusname
Topicsname
TypologicalFunctionname
UnansweredQuestionsname
Verse parallel to absolute infinitive for stoning
Websitesname
What was the purpose of the Numbers 5 dusty(or "bitter") water test?
Why is false prophecy a death penalty crime?
Zechariahname
Zephaniahname
Language
aa - Qafár af
ab - Аҧсшәа
abs - bahasa ambon
ace - Acèh
ady - адыгабзэ
ady-cyrl - адыгабзэ
aeb - تونسي/Tûnsî
aeb-arab - تونسي
aeb-latn - Tûnsî
af - Afrikaans
ak - Akan
aln - Gegë
alt - тÿштÿк алтай тил
am - አማርኛ
ami - Pangcah
an - aragonés
ang - Ænglisc
anp - अङ्गिका
ar - العربية
arc - ܐܪܡܝܐ
arn - mapudungun
arq - جازايرية
ary - الدارجة
arz - مصرى
as - অসমীয়া
ase - American sign language
ast - asturianu
atj - Atikamekw
av - авар
avk - Kotava
awa - अवधी
ay - Aymar aru
az - azərbaycanca
azb - تۆرکجه
ba - башҡортса
ban - Bali
bar - Boarisch
bbc - Batak Toba
bbc-latn - Batak Toba
bcc - جهلسری بلوچی
bcl - Bikol Central
be - беларуская
be-tarask - беларуская (тарашкевіца)
bg - български
bgn - روچ کپتین بلوچی
bh - भोजपुरी
bho - भोजपुरी
bi - Bislama
bjn - Banjar
bm - bamanankan
bn - বাংলা
bo - བོད་ཡིག
bpy - বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী
bqi - بختیاری
br - brezhoneg
brh - Bráhuí
bs - bosanski
btm - Batak Mandailing
bto - Iriga Bicolano
bug - ᨅᨔ ᨕᨘᨁᨗ
bxr - буряад
ca - català
cbk-zam - Chavacano de Zamboanga
cdo - Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄
ce - нохчийн
ceb - Cebuano
ch - Chamoru
cho - Choctaw
chr - ᏣᎳᎩ
chy - Tsetsêhestâhese
ckb - کوردی
co - corsu
cps - Capiceño
cr - Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ
crh - qırımtatarca
crh-cyrl - къырымтатарджа (Кирилл)
crh-latn - qırımtatarca (Latin)
cs - čeština
csb - kaszëbsczi
cu - словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ
cv - Чӑвашла
cy - Cymraeg
da - dansk
de - Deutsch
de-at - Österreichisches Deutsch
de-ch - Schweizer Hochdeutsch
de-formal - Deutsch (Sie-Form)
din - Thuɔŋjäŋ
diq - Zazaki
dsb - dolnoserbski
dtp - Dusun Bundu-liwan
dty - डोटेली
dv - ދިވެހިބަސް
dz - ཇོང་ཁ
ee - eʋegbe
egl - Emiliàn
el - Ελληνικά
eml - emiliàn e rumagnòl
en - English
en-ca - Canadian English
en-gb - British English
eo - Esperanto
es - español
es-419 - español de América Latina
es-formal - español (formal)
et - eesti
eu - euskara
ext - estremeñu
fa - فارسی
ff - Fulfulde
fi - suomi
fit - meänkieli
fj - Na Vosa Vakaviti
fo - føroyskt
fr - français
frc - français cadien
frp - arpetan
frr - Nordfriisk
fur - furlan
fy - Frysk
ga - Gaeilge
gag - Gagauz
gan - 贛語
gan-hans - 赣语(简体)
gan-hant - 贛語(繁體)
gcr - kriyòl gwiyannen
gd - Gàidhlig
gl - galego
glk - گیلکی
gn - Avañe'ẽ
gom - गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni
gom-deva - गोंयची कोंकणी
gom-latn - Gõychi Konknni
gor - Bahasa Hulontalo
got - 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺
grc - Ἀρχαία ἑλληνικὴ
gsw - Alemannisch
gu - ગુજરાતી
gv - Gaelg
ha - Hausa
hak - 客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî
haw - Hawaiʻi
hb - Classical Hebrew
he - עברית
hi - हिन्दी
hif - Fiji Hindi
hif-latn - Fiji Hindi
hil - Ilonggo
ho - Hiri Motu
hr - hrvatski
hrx - Hunsrik
hsb - hornjoserbsce
ht - Kreyòl ayisyen
hu - magyar
hu-formal - magyar (formal)
hy - հայերեն
hyw - Արեւմտահայերէն
hz - Otsiherero
ia - interlingua
id - Bahasa Indonesia
ie - Interlingue
ig - Igbo
ii - ꆇꉙ
ik - Iñupiak
ike-cans - ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ
ike-latn - inuktitut
ilo - Ilokano
inh - ГӀалгӀай
io - Ido
is - íslenska
it - italiano
iu - ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ/inuktitut
ja - 日本語
jam - Patois
jbo - la .lojban.
jut - jysk
jv - Jawa
ka - ქართული
kaa - Qaraqalpaqsha
kab - Taqbaylit
kbd - Адыгэбзэ
kbd-cyrl - Адыгэбзэ
kbp - Kabɩyɛ
kg - Kongo
khw - کھوار
ki - Gĩkũyũ
kiu - Kırmancki
kj - Kwanyama
kjp - ဖၠုံလိက်
kk - қазақша
kk-arab - قازاقشا (تٴوتە)
kk-cn - قازاقشا (جۇنگو)
kk-cyrl - қазақша (кирил)
kk-kz - қазақша (Қазақстан)
kk-latn - qazaqşa (latın)
kk-tr - qazaqşa (Türkïya)
kl - kalaallisut
km - ភាសាខ្មែរ
kn - ಕನ್ನಡ
ko - 한국어
ko-kp - 조선말
koi - Перем Коми
kr - Kanuri
krc - къарачай-малкъар
kri - Krio
krj - Kinaray-a
krl - karjal
ks - कॉशुर / کٲشُر
ks-arab - کٲشُر
ks-deva - कॉशुर
ksh - Ripoarisch
ku - kurdî
ku-arab - كوردي (عەرەبی)
ku-latn - kurdî (latînî)
kum - къумукъ
kv - коми
kw - kernowek
ky - Кыргызча
la - Latina
lad - Ladino
lb - Lëtzebuergesch
lbe - лакку
lez - лезги
lfn - Lingua Franca Nova
lg - Luganda
li - Limburgs
lij - Ligure
liv - Līvõ kēļ
lki - لەکی
lld - Ladin
lmo - lumbaart
ln - lingála
lo - ລາວ
loz - Silozi
lrc - لۊری شومالی
lt - lietuvių
ltg - latgaļu
lus - Mizo ţawng
luz - لئری دوٙمینی
lv - latviešu
lzh - 文言
lzz - Lazuri
mai - मैथिली
map-bms - Basa Banyumasan
mdf - мокшень
mg - Malagasy
mh - Ebon
mhr - олык марий
mi - Māori
min - Minangkabau
mk - македонски
ml - മലയാളം
mn - монгол
mni - ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ
mnw - ဘာသာ မန်
mo - молдовеняскэ
mr - मराठी
mrj - кырык мары
ms - Bahasa Melayu
mt - Malti
mus - Mvskoke
mwl - Mirandés
my - မြန်မာဘာသာ
myv - эрзянь
mzn - مازِرونی
na - Dorerin Naoero
nah - Nāhuatl
nan - Bân-lâm-gú
nap - Napulitano
nb - norsk bokmål
nds - Plattdüütsch
nds-nl - Nedersaksies
ne - नेपाली
new - नेपाल भाषा
ng - Oshiwambo
niu - Niuē
nl - Nederlands
nl-informal - Nederlands (informeel)
nn - norsk nynorsk
no - norsk
nov - Novial
nqo - ߒߞߏ
nrm - Nouormand
nso - Sesotho sa Leboa
nv - Diné bizaad
ny - Chi-Chewa
nys - Nyunga
oc - occitan
olo - Livvinkarjala
om - Oromoo
or - ଓଡ଼ିଆ
os - Ирон
pa - ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
pag - Pangasinan
pam - Kapampangan
pap - Papiamentu
pcd - Picard
pdc - Deitsch
pdt - Plautdietsch
pfl - Pälzisch
pi - पालि
pih - Norfuk / Pitkern
pl - polski
pms - Piemontèis
pnb - پنجابی
pnt - Ποντιακά
prg - Prūsiskan
ps - پښتو
pt - português
pt-br - português do Brasil
qu - Runa Simi
qug - Runa shimi
rgn - Rumagnôl
rif - Tarifit
rm - rumantsch
rmy - romani čhib
rn - Kirundi
ro - română
roa-tara - tarandíne
ru - русский
rue - русиньскый
rup - armãneashti
ruq - Vlăheşte
ruq-cyrl - Влахесте
ruq-latn - Vlăheşte
rw - Kinyarwanda
sa - संस्कृतम्
sah - саха тыла
sat - ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ
sc - sardu
scn - sicilianu
sco - Scots
sd - سنڌي
sdc - Sassaresu
sdh - کوردی خوارگ
se - davvisámegiella
sei - Cmique Itom
ses - Koyraboro Senni
sg - Sängö
sgs - žemaitėška
sh - srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
shi - Tašlḥiyt/ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ
shi-latn - Tašlḥiyt
shi-tfng - ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ
shn - ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး
shy-latn - tacawit
si - සිංහල
simple - Simple English
sk - slovenčina
skr - سرائیکی
skr-arab - سرائیکی
sl - slovenščina
sli - Schläsch
sm - Gagana Samoa
sma - åarjelsaemien
smn - anarâškielâ
sn - chiShona
so - Soomaaliga
sq - shqip
sr - српски / srpski
sr-ec - српски (ћирилица)
sr-el - srpski (latinica)
srn - Sranantongo
ss - SiSwati
st - Sesotho
stq - Seeltersk
sty - себертатар
su - Sunda
sv - svenska
sw - Kiswahili
szl - ślůnski
szy - Sakizaya
ta - தமிழ்
tay - Tayal
tcy - ತುಳು
te - తెలుగు
tet - tetun
tg - тоҷикӣ
tg-cyrl - тоҷикӣ
tg-latn - tojikī
th - ไทย
ti - ትግርኛ
tk - Türkmençe
tl - Tagalog
tly - толышә зывон
tn - Setswana
to - lea faka-Tonga
tpi - Tok Pisin
tr - Türkçe
tru - Ṫuroyo
trv - Seediq
ts - Xitsonga
tt - татарча/tatarça
tt-cyrl - татарча
tt-latn - tatarça
tum - chiTumbuka
tw - Twi
ty - reo tahiti
tyv - тыва дыл
tzm - ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ
udm - удмурт
ug - ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche
ug-arab - ئۇيغۇرچە
ug-latn - Uyghurche
uk - українська
ur - اردو
uz - oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
uz-cyrl - ўзбекча
uz-latn - oʻzbekcha
ve - Tshivenda
vec - vèneto
vep - vepsän kel’
vi - Tiếng Việt
vls - West-Vlams
vmf - Mainfränkisch
vo - Volapük
vot - Vaďďa
vro - Võro
wa - walon
war - Winaray
wo - Wolof
wuu - 吴语
xal - хальмг
xh - isiXhosa
xmf - მარგალური
xsy - saisiyat
yi - ייִדיש
yo - Yorùbá
yue - 粵語
za - Vahcuengh
zea - Zeêuws
zgh - ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ
zh - 中文
zh-cn - 中文(中国大陆)
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{{DISPLAYTITLE:O divórcio das mulheres estrangeiras em Ezra 9-10 mostra que o governo civil tem autoridade para dissolver casamentos ou presidir a "julgamentos de divórcio"?}}<languages />{{:Navleft|Category:Answered Questions|{{:AnsweredQuestionsname/{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}}} <div class="questionbody"> Resposta rápida: Não. A lei bíblica em nenhum lugar dá ao governo civil a autoridade de dissolver pactos matrimoniais ou de exigir que os maridos obtenham permissão do governo civil antes do divórcio. O divórcio das mulheres estrangeiras em Esdras 9-10 não mostra nada que se assemelhe a nenhum dos casos acima referidos. As acções em Esdras 9-10 são uma narrativa que tem claramente como pano de fundo a lei bíblica (particularmente Dt. 7:1-3). Os "divórcios" devem ser entendidos contra este quadro legal, que difere um pouco dos nossos modernos preconceitos. Isto pode surpreender algumas pessoas, mas segundo a lei bíblica, os homens não eram obrigados a obter autorização do governo civil para se divorciarem das suas esposas (Dt. 24:1). Christopher Wright explica: {{:Quote|Um homem não tinha de "ir a tribunal" para obter o divórcio. As leis que se referem ao divórcio referem-se a circunstâncias em que o divórcio é proibido ou à regulação das relações após o divórcio já ter acontecido. Em ambos os casos, a protecção da mulher parece ser o ponto principal da lei. ... O que [Deut. 24:1-4] exige é que um homem que se divorcie da sua esposa lhe dê uma "nota de divórcio". Isto teria sido para a protecção da mulher. Foi uma prova documental de que ela tinha sido divorciada, pelo que nem ela nem qualquer futuro marido poderiam ser acusados de adultério se ela se casasse novamente.<ref>Christopher J. H. Wright, <em>Old Testament Ethics for the People of God</em>, pp. 331-332</ref>}} De acordo com Peter Craigie: {{:Quote|Se o homem decidisse divorciar-se da mulher, deveria escrever uma nota de divórcio e entregá-la formalmente à mulher. Ela foi então enviada para longe da casa do homem, mas a posse da carta de divórcio deu-lhe uma certa protecção, ao abrigo da lei, contra qualquer outra acção do homem.<ref>Craigie, <em>Deuteronomy</em>, p. 305</ref>}} A lei bíblica não exige que um marido prove publicamente, perante um juiz, o crime de adultério ou fornicação por parte de uma esposa, antes de emitir uma "declaração de divórcio". Esta declaração não tem qualquer poder legal sobre um pacto matrimonial. O pacto matrimonial já teria de ser quebrado pela fornicação por parte da esposa. A declaração de divórcio é simplesmente uma declaração oficial do marido (e não do governo civil) de que ele "pôs de parte" a sua esposa, uma afirmação de que o pacto matrimonial já foi quebrado, e que ele não tentou restabelecê-lo. Esta declaração legal protege a esposa de uma futura acusação do seu ex-marido, no caso de ele ter ficado com ciúmes ou zangado quando ela voltou a casar. Segundo a lei bíblica, um juiz só seria procurado (por uma esposa, presumivelmente) se o ex-marido se recusasse a dar-lhe a declaração, tal como exigido pela lei bíblica. Hoje em dia, o governo civil tornou-se tão envolvido no processo de casamento e divórcio, que os cristãos já não questionam se o Estado tem o poder de "licenciar" o casamento, ou de "conceder" o divórcio. Este é um fenómeno completamente moderno, e é anacrónico ler as nossas ideias modernas sobre o casamento de volta à lei bíblica. A acção de Esdras descrita em Esdras 9-10 tratava de israelitas que tinham regressado após o cativeiro babilónico, e que tinham casado com esposas estrangeiras, presumivelmente em violação da lei em Deuteronómio 7. Note-se o claro paralelo entre estas duas partes da Escritura: {{:Scriptblock|Deut 7:1-4}} {{:Scriptblock|Ezra 9:1-3}} Estes casamentos foram claramente <em>illegal</em> pelos padrões da lei bíblica. Algumas pessoas notam que Esdras 9:1 menciona "egípcios", "amonitas" e "moabitas", grupos de pessoas que não estavam na lista do Dt. 7:1. Mas isto não altera a natureza ilegal dos casamentos, porque o objectivo da lei original era impedir o povo de Deus de "seguir as abominações" (Esdras 9:1: por exemplo, idolatria, incesto, etc.) dos povos cananeus (ver Dt. 7:4, Lev. 18:26-30). Havia provavelmente muitos egípcios, amonitas e moabitas que se tinham casado com os povos cananeus e que por isso poriam em perigo qualquer um que tentasse formar um pacto com eles. Toda essa união de membros do pacto com os idólatras era ilegal. Esta era a preocupação de Esdras. Alguns comentadores leram "julgamentos de divórcio" em Esdras 10:14. Por exemplo, Philip Kayser afirma: "Ezra julgou cada caso de casamento impróprio pelo seu próprio mérito"<ref>Kayser, <em>Is the Death Penalty Just?</em>, p. 25</ref> Esta é uma alegação falsa, que qualquer pessoa pode dizer, simplesmente lendo o texto de Ezra 10: {{:Scriptblockformat|{{#scripture:Ezra 10:3}} ... {{#scripture:Ezra 10:7-8}} ... {{#scripture:Ezra 10:14}}|scriptref=Ezra 10:3,7-8,14}} Não houve aqui nenhum "julgamento" de divórcio, como afirma Kayser. Estes "casamentos" onde prima facie <em>illegal</em> de acordo com a lei bíblica. Nenhum pacto matrimonial (legal) tinha sido quebrado. Nenhum pacto matrimonial (legal) tinha sequer sido criado. O termo legal para descrever isto é "nulo <em>ab initio</em>" (inválido desde o início). Este foi simplesmente um caso de muitos homens israelitas proeminentes que se prostituíram com mulheres estrangeiras (como se tivessem sido prostitutas). Esta apresentação de cada homem perante os líderes da comunidade foi uma declaração pública de "afastamento" (divórcio), exigida "segundo o conselho do meu Senhor" (Esdras 9:3). Nem os homens nem os líderes da comunidade tinham qualquer escolha ou discrição nesta matéria. Fazia parte do seu acto público de arrependimento por um pecado (entrar num casamento ilegal) que poderia ter trazido o julgamento à comunidade. Ninguém que participou neste processo alegou que estes casamentos alguma vez foram legais. Uma afirmação como esta teria negado a verdade da lei bíblica (Dt 7,1-3) e anulado o seu arrependimento. </div> {{DISPLAYTITLE:O divórcio das mulheres estrangeiras em Ezra 9-10 mostra que o governo civil tem autoridade para dissolver casamentos ou presidir a "julgamentos de divórcio"?}} [[Category:Answered Questions]] [[Category:Divorce]] [[Category:Ezra 10:14]] [[Category:Questions about civil government formation, powers, and limits]] [[Category:Questions about marriage and family]] [[Category:Questions about the historical application of Biblical law]]